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Papers 1999
1999 – Remedial Works in Cotter Dam and the Risk to there from Floods.
Learn moreJavad Tabatabaei! and Christopher Zoppou
Cotter Dam was constructed in 1912 to 19m and was raised to 31m in 1949. Due to its close proximity to a popular recreational resort, it is considered as a high hazard dam. It forms a storage with a capacity of only 4500ML and receives flows from a catchment area of 482km?. Concern about the ageing and structural integrity of Cotter Dam was expressed as early as 1967. There has also been a major revision of the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) and new earthquake requirements for the dam. All these factors have contributed to the decision to undertake remedial works on the dam. The remedial work could be interrupted by flows over the spillway. This would increase the cost of the works because the construction equipment must be removed and reinstated (de/remobilisation) when there are flows over the spillway. Additional costs are also incurred for each day the construction equipment remains idle (standby). The total tender price therefore includes the cost associated with the remedial work as well as any standby and de/remobolisations. Risk analysis was used to establish the frequency the reservoir water level exceeds the spillway level. The risk analysis was used to select the successful remedial works tender.
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Papers 2000
2000 – Dam Remedial Works in Western Australia
Learn moreRobert Wark, Nihal Vitharana and Michael Somerford
This paper reviews the history of dam remedial works on publicly-owned dams in Western Australia over the last 40 years. Projects have ranged from refurbishment of the facilities, through capacity upgrades to complete reconstruction. Major work has been undertaken on at least thirty dams. Most of these dams are now owned by Western Australia’s Water Corporation. The Corporation continues to undertake remedial works where necessary and now has a strategy in place for an on-going program of remedial works.
The paper outlines the scope of the work undertaken and why the work was required. The current status of the Corporation’s planning for an on-going remedial works program is also reported.
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Papers 2000
2000 – It’s More Fun When You Do It Yourself – Constructing the Lake Eppalock Main Embankment Remedial Works Project
Learn moreSteven Fox, Garry Fyfe
This paper describes some key details of the construction of the Lake Eppalock Main Embankment Remedial Works Project. This $8.25 million earthworks project was completed on a “live” storage to an accelerated program. As the dam owner Goulburn-Murray Water took the decision to directly manage the construction of these works with resultant benefits in timing, risk management and project management costs.
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Papers 2001
2001 – Sustainable Rehabilitation of Gravity Dams Using Post-Tensioned Anchors
Learn moreDavid Snape
Since the research and development work carried out by the (then) Metropolitan Water Sewerage and Drainage Board for the strengthening of Manly Dam in 1979/80, there has been over twenty years of continuous improvement in the application of advanced post-tensioned anchors for gravity dam rehabilitation.
Up until the Manly Dam remedial works, concerns had been increasing as to the long-term viability of available anchors. Sophisticated monitorable and restressable anchors, with superior corrosion protection afforded by greased and sheathed strands, were developed initially in test-bed conditions. This style of anchor has subsequently been used extensively throughout Australia on dam upgrades.
This paper compares the claims made by the designers with the demonstrated outcomes of installations that have been achieved, with particular emphasis on dams now owned by the Sydney Catchment Authority and Sydney Water Corporation. The original commitments to economy, aesthetics and rapidity of construction have been borne out by experience, with additional environmental advantages also being achieved. With the confidence built up from many successes in the strengthening of older dams, the time appears right to revisit the construction of new dams using the same style of post-tensioned anchors as the primary stabilising force.
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Papers 2002
2002 – Lake Daylesford Dam: Safety Review Following Overtopping
Learn moreMike Taylor, Paul Maisano and Rod Conway
Daylesford Dam forms an ornamental lake, known locally as Lake Daylesford, situated on Wombat Creek within the heart of Daylesford in Victoria. It is a focus of the local tourism industry and is vitally important to the Daylesford community as a recreational, social and environmental asset, with important heritage value.
On 24 October 2000, the 12m high embankment was overtopped following heavy rainfall and was in danger of breaching. This could have resulted in loss of the dam and lake, downstream damage to roads and the environment and possible loss of life. The overtopping of the dam prompted the Hepburn Shire Council, land manager for the dam, to initiate a safety review of the dam as well as the commissioning of a Dam Surveillance Program and a Dam Safety Emergency Plan.The spillway is of the side-channel type with a 30m long concrete sill at the entrance discharging into a 5m wide unlined trough and chute. The existing spillway can only accommodate a peak flow of 24m3/s, which represents an AEP of less than 1 in 20. The required flood capacity in terms of the latest ANCOLD guidelines on spillway adequacy is for an AEP of 1 in 1 000 which equates to 120m3/s.
Following discussions with Hepburn Shire Council, and an evaluation of public usage of the Lake Daylesford area, it was assessed that the following constraints apply when considering options for increasing spillway capacity:- A lowering of the full supply level is not an option due to existing shoreside development.
- Any raising of the embankment should be kept to a minimum as the crest forms a cross-roads for a large number of pathways and hiking trails.
- Due to the heritage value of the dam, changes to the appearance of the structure should be minimised.
- Due to the high level of recreational use of the site, the remedial works should be compatible with minimising any disruption to the use of the area by the public during construction.
The proposed solution includes the following:
- Widening the unlined spillway trough and lowering the invert.
- Utilising rock from the spillway excavation for a stabilising fill on the downstream face with a filter zone to reduce the risk of piping failure, with a modest ( <1 m) raising of the embankment crest.
- Reconstructing the spillway crest and access bridge.
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Papers 2003
2003 – REMEDIAL WORKS DESIGN AT CHURCHMAN BROOK DAM IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Learn moreChurchman Brook Dam is a 26m high earthfill dam with a puddle clay core and impounds a reservoir of 2.2GL. Various remedial works have been undertaken since completion of construction in 1928. In September 2000, a sinkhole in the right abutment was observed during a routine dam inspection. Following this incident, detailed site investigations were carried out. These investigations revealed that there are soft zones and possibly voids formed in the upper part of the clay core.
A comprehensive dam safety study and a risk workshop undertaken in 2002/2003 showed the dam to be deficient in aspects associated with piping, spillway adequacy and outlet works condition. A rational geotechnical model was developed for the foundation utilising triaxial test data from 1980s and recent investigations. The existing spillway chute will be upgraded with a concrete liner attached to the existing chute incorporating no-fine concrete as a free-draining medium. This paper presents the various aspects of the remedial works currently being designed.
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Papers 2003
2003 – Remedial Works Design At Churchman Brook in Western Australia
Learn moreN. Vitharana, A. Gower, G. Bell and N. Petrovic
Churchman Brook Dam is a 26m high earthfill dam with a puddle clay core and impounds a reservoir of 2.2GL. Various remedial works have been undertaken since completion of construction in 1928. In September 2000, a sinkhole in the right abutment was observed during a routine dam inspection. Following this incident, detailed site investigations were carried out. These investigations revealed that there are soft zones and possibly voids formed in the upper part of the clay core.
A comprehensive dam safety study and a risk workshop undertaken in 2002/2003 showed the dam to be deficient in aspects associated with piping, spillway adequacy and outlet works condition. A rational geotechnical model was developed for the foundation utilising triaxial test data from 1980s and recent investigations. The existing spillway chute will be upgraded with a concrete liner attached to the existing chute incorporating no-fine concrete as a free-draining medium. This paper presents the various aspects of the remedial works currently being designed.
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Papers 2006
2006 – Investigations and Design of Remedial Works at Millbrook Dam in South Australia
Learn moreN. Vitharana, G. McNally, C. Johnson, A. Thomas, K. Dart and P. Russell
Millbrook Reservoir is an offline storage with an earthen embankment dam containing a puddle clay core and a moderately sized upstream catchment. The dam is 31m high and has a capacity of 16.5 GL when the storage water level is at the Full SupplyLevel (FSL). The reservoir is 25km NE of Adelaide on Chain of Ponds Creek, a tributary of the River Torrens. The dam was constructed during the years 1914-1918. Earthworks were carried out only during summer as the five winters during the construction period were very wet.
Dam safety reviews and geotechnical investigations, undertaken between 2001 and 2004 by SKM, showed that these winter recesses would have created weak layers, increasing the potential for piping due to the lack of a filter. This was highlighted by the large deformations which occurred at the end of construction in 1918. The spillway was assessed as able to pass a flood event with AEP of 1:1,300,000. Given the location of the dam, ANCOLD(2000b) Guidelines suggest the dam should be able to safely pass the PMF flood event. Accordingly, the dam required upgrading to modern guidelines.
The 2005 detailed design of the upgrade included the construction of a 70m wide unlined spillway, construction of filters on the downstream face of the dam with a stabilisation (weighting) fill, installation of instrumentation and seismic protection of the outlet tower. The construction of these works is currently underway.
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Papers 2006
2006 – Pykes Creek Dam: A Staged Risk Based Approach To Remedial Works
Learn moreJoseph Matthews, Dr Mark Foster, Michael Phillips
Pykes Creek Dam is a 39m high earthfill dam with a central clay puddle core, first completed in 1911 and raised in 1930. A detailed risk assessment of the dam indicated that the risk did not satisfy ANCOLD societal risk criteria and that remedial works were necessary to address piping deficiencies and inadequate flood capacity. The risk assessment identified that piping at the embankment/spillway interface accounted for over 80% of the total risk. Therefore, interim risk reduction works were implemented in 2005 to address this risk issue while investigations and design studies were progressed for the second stage of works. Following the Stage 1 works, Pykes Creek Dam remains the highest risk in Southern Rural Water’s portfolio of dams and Stage 2 works are planned to commence in 2007 to reduce piping risks and increase flood capacity. The aim of the Stage 2 works is to reduce the risk below the Limit of Tolerability for Existing Dams (ANCOLD 2003) and to increase the flood capacity to a level more appropriate for an Extreme consequence category dam based on ALARP principles. The upgrade will stop short of meeting the PMF as there are other dams in Southern Rural Water’s portfolio requiring attention before an upgrade to this standard would be considered. The design of the works was complicated by the fact that the dam is bisected by a major freeway and has a complex spillway layout. This paper discusses the decision-making process and the methods used to analyse the dam from the initial risk assessment studies through to the design of the remedial works.
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Papers 2015
2015 – Remedial works to reduce seepage under Visegrad HPP dam
Learn moreNikifor Petrovic, Sladoljub Pezerovic
Dam rehabilitation works at the Visegrad Hydropower Project on the River Drina in Bosnia and Herzegovina were completed in October 2014 after two years of very challenging and collaborative effort between the client, designer and contractor.
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The successfully accomplished remedial works programme was a highly complex geotechnical intervention. The dam was constructed on a karst foundation extending up to 200 m below reservoir floor level. Rates of seepage through the foundation increased over time, from 1.4 m3/s following first impoundment in 1989, to 14.7 m3/s in 2009.
The rehabilitation works comprised:
Preparatory works (site installation, work platforms, conveyer belts, electricity and water supply, drilling and grouting equipment installation);
Site investigation works (drilling of boreholes, measurements of inclination, geo-physical carotage, downhole video, underwater camera recording);
Installation of monitoring equipment and implementation of real time recording system;
Installation of inert material into a sinkhole within the storage area and into the bore holes located upstream of the dam; and
Grouting of the foundation area using different grout mixes and grouting methods.
During rehabilitation works the main achievements were:
A total of about 37,300 m3 of inert material (granular materials with different fractions from 0 to 32 mm) was installed into the foundation cracks and caverns. This was a significant achievement due to very complex geological conditions and resulted in a seepage reduction through the foundation and improvement of the overall safety and stability of the dam.
The total consumption of grouting material was in access of 2,500 tonnes of cement, bentonite, sand and additives.
After completion of the work, seepage of water through the foundation was reduced to about 4.5 m3/s.
Keywords: Seepage, remedial works, dam, grouting, inert material. -
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Papers 2008
2008 – Investigations and remedial works at Drakesbrook Dam in Western Australia
Learn moreJiri Herza, Graeme Maher, Nihal Vitharana, Megan Evers, Michael Somerford
Abstract: Drakesbrook Dam is a 17m high earthfill embankment constructed in 1931 to provide water for the Waroona Irrigation District, 80km south of Perth. The dam has a storage capacity of 2.30 GL and is classified as a “High A” hazard dam according to ANCOLD Guidelines on Dam Safety Management.
A Dam Safety Review, undertaken in 2001 identified a number of deficiencies associated with main embankment, outlet works and the main spillway requiring remedial works. Detailed design of these remedial works is currently underway. Challenging features of this project are the design of a liner for the existing curved conduit and the design of a new spillway with an usual drop-type stilling basin.
This paper presents the salient aspects of the remedial works design along with the various design and construction criteria adopted to achieve an economical design of a new spillway and outlet conduit sleeve without compromising the safety of the dam.
Keywords: remedial works, earth embankment, conduit lining, spillway replacement
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Papers 2008
2008 – Risk assessment in spillway remedial works design and construction and monitoring at Googong Dam
Learn moreJames Willey, Malcolm Barker, Javad Tabatabaei
Abstract: During successive flood events from the end of construction of Googong Dam in 1978 through to the late 1980s, erosion of in excess of 5,000 m³ of rock occurred in the partially unlined section at the downstream end of the spillway channel. Remedial works were undertaken in stages during the 1980s to stabilise the eroded chute and limit further erosion. A project is currently underway as part of the Bulk Water Alliance to construct remedial works in the spillway to repair erosion damage and increase the spillway capacity to safely pass the current estimate of the Probable Maximum Flood. The design was undertaken by GHD Pty Ltd as part of a separate engagement prior to the formation of the Alliance.
The recent work involved a review of the historical performance and prediction of future performance of the structure. A process involving the development and comparison of options and ultimately the detailed design of the preferred arrangement followed, including refinement and validation using a physical hydraulic model study.
This paper presents risk assessment techniques used throughout the project on a range of tasks including prediction of future spillway erosion damage and comparison of spillway remedial works options, assessment of construction flood risk and definition of instrumentation requirements for the dam and associated structures.
Keywords: risk assessment, remedial works, spillway erosion, rock erosion, construction risk, instrumentation.
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Papers 2010
2010 – Ibis Creek Dam Investigation and Design for Remedial Works
Learn moreDavid Ryan, Peter Richardson, William Steen
Ibis Creek Dam, a referable dam and classified as a mass concrete gravity structure, was constructed in 1906 to supply water for both tin ore processing and the local township of Irvinebank. Irvinebank is a small township near Atherton in North Queensland and is situated about 3 km downstream of the dam. The mill ceased operation in 1990 but the township of Irvinebank remains reliant on the dam for water supply.
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In 1996 the dam was raised about 1 m and strengthened by the addition of mass concrete on the crest and downstream face.
One recommendation of the Safety Review conducted in 2009 was that an investigation be made of the strength of the lift joints and the shear capacity of the connection between the Stage I and Stage II concrete sections. The investigations revealed that the structure was not constructed as had been originally assumed and the overall stability of the structure had been overestimated.
This paper details the investigations and remedial works proposed to strengthen the structure so that it complies with current design standards.