ANCOLD Bulletin No.117 (April 2001)
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Papers 2001
2001 – Sustainable Rehabilitation of Gravity Dams Using Post-Tensioned Anchors
Learn moreDavid Snape
Since the research and development work carried out by the (then) Metropolitan Water Sewerage and Drainage Board for the strengthening of Manly Dam in 1979/80, there has been over twenty years of continuous improvement in the application of advanced post-tensioned anchors for gravity dam rehabilitation.
Up until the Manly Dam remedial works, concerns had been increasing as to the long-term viability of available anchors. Sophisticated monitorable and restressable anchors, with superior corrosion protection afforded by greased and sheathed strands, were developed initially in test-bed conditions. This style of anchor has subsequently been used extensively throughout Australia on dam upgrades.
This paper compares the claims made by the designers with the demonstrated outcomes of installations that have been achieved, with particular emphasis on dams now owned by the Sydney Catchment Authority and Sydney Water Corporation. The original commitments to economy, aesthetics and rapidity of construction have been borne out by experience, with additional environmental advantages also being achieved. With the confidence built up from many successes in the strengthening of older dams, the time appears right to revisit the construction of new dams using the same style of post-tensioned anchors as the primary stabilising force.
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Papers 2001
2001 – The Augmentation of Spillway Capacity and Storage Capacity of Candowie Dam
Learn moreMike Taylor and Doug Halloran
Candowie Dam is a 15m high embankment dam with a storage capacity of 2182 ML. It is the primary source of water for the Westernport Region Water Authority which includes Phillip Island and the town of Cowes south- east of Melbourne.
The existing spillway, comprising a 21m long concrete ogee profile crest discharging into a concrete chute which converges to a width of 7m, has a capacity to only accommodate the I in 6 000 annual exceedance probability (AEP) flood, well short of the required capacity of the 1 in 40 000 AEP flood.
In addition, Westernport Water would like to increase the yield of Candowie Dam as far as economically possible, within the scope of the spillway works.A solution has been developed whereby the spillway capacity could be increased to accommodate the 1 in 40 000 AEP flood and at the same time the full supply level could be raised by 900mm resulting in an increase in storage of 573 ML and an increase in yield of 580 ML per year.
The solution comprises the following:- Lowering the existing spillway crest by 850 mm
- The installation of 1.75m high precast concrete ‘Hydroplus’ fusegates on the lowered crest.
The fusegates are designed to tip off incrementally with the initial tip off occurring when the flood exceeds the 1 in 200 AEP flood. The tip offs are actuated purely by hydrostatic pressure developed by the rising flood level and programmed so that at no stage does the outflow flood peak exceed the inflow flood peak.Westernport Water can accommodate the risk (0.5% per year) of the occasional loss of the existing top 830mm of storage resulting from a tip-off.
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The total cost of the augmentation is estimated to be in the order of $ 700 000. -
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Papers 2001
2001 – Criteria for Developing Seismic Loads for the Safety Evaluation of Dams of Two New Zealand Owners
Learn moreLelio Mejia, Murray Gillon, Jim Walker, Tom Newson
This paper describes the criteria for developing seismic loads for the safety evaluation of dams of two New Zealand owners. The criteria were constrained to satisfy the requirements of the NZSOLD Dam Safety Guidelines and to be consistent with international practice in countries with levels of seismicity and socio-economic development similar to New Zealand. In selecting the criteria, dam seismic load standards from several countries were surveyed and summarized. The selected criteria follow a standards-based approach to the seismic safety evaluation of dams. Guidelines for the use of deterministic and probabilistic procedures to develop seismic loads were formulated as a function of the Potential Impact Classification of a dam. In addition to the traditional deterministic definition of evaluation earthquakes, the selected criteria allow the use of a probabilistic definition in cases where the deterministic definition yields very low probability evaluation events.
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Papers 2001
2001 – Flood Passing Capacity Upgrade Considerations for Wivenhoe Dam
Learn moreAllan Crichton, Jon Williams, Anthony Ford
Wivenhoe Dam was constructed in the early 1980’s and is the largest source of water to the southeast Queensland region. The dam also provides significant flood mitigation benefits to the large communities in the Brisbane valley including the cities of Ipswich and Brisbane. Changes in the methods of determining the probable maximum flood, which is the design flood for the dam, have meant that the dam was not capable of passing the significantly larger design flood event. The feasibility study undertaken to assess the most appropriate method of upgrading the flood passing capacity identified more than 240 options. These options were short-listed and the capital cost and consequences costs determined for each of the short listed options.
This paper describes the process used to identify the options to upgrade the flood passing capacity and the method used to assess the consequences costs, which are primarily the costs of flood damage resulting from each of the options. The consequences costs for each option are the costs associated with changing the flow conditions in the river downstream of the dam. For example the option to upgrade the dam to pass the design flood is a benefit to the community however if this benefit is achieved by installing large gates or a fuse plug that operates frequently the scheme may increase the costs to the community.
The preferred option initiates at the lowest probability of occurrence of all those analysed — average return period of 10,000 years. There will be opportunities during the Environmental Impact Assessment process to test acceptability of this initiation level — a more frequent occurrence would be a lower capital cost solution. The EIA process may require a solution with a higher initiating level. Informal talks with the regulator have indicated a preference for the less frequent initiation level.
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Papers 2001
2001 – Upgrading the Forth River Dams: A Case Study on Risk Based Decision Making
Learn moreRL Herweynen
The Forth River dams consisting of Cethana (110m), Devils Gate (84m) and Paloona (43m), were constructed between 1964 – 1971. The Population at Risk (PAR) downstream of this cascade system is significant in the event of hypothetical dam failure.
By 1990 a Generalised Method had been fully developed for estimating extreme rainfalls for South East Australia. Using these extreme rainfall estimates, flood estimates were updated for all dams owned by Hydro Tasmania. These estimates indicated that the spillway capacity of the three Forth River dams no longer complied with current practice.
The risk position of these Forth River dams did not comply with the ANCOLD risk based criteria, indicating that some level of upgrade should be considered to reduce the risk associated with flooding. Given the risk position, considerable priority was placed on resolving this issue.
Due to physical constraints within the Cethana Dam site area, it was difficult to upgrade to a “Standards Based” level of upgrade without very high expenditure and imposing additional risk arising from major dam modifications. Instead the ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable) principle was adopted to determine an appropriate level of upgrade, which did not preclude upgrading to a higher standard, should this be necessary at some time in the future.
The spillway upgrade for the three Forth River dams was approved in 1999 and detailed design has commenced with completion of construction planned for 2003. This paper will include discussions on the decision making process, communicating complex dam safety issues to senior management and some interesting details of the design.
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